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Amateur Radio Weak-Signal & Data ModesFT8 / FT4: 8-FSK and 4-FSK synchronization protocols optimized for weak-signal propagation, contesting, and global tracking.JS8Call: A derivative of FT8 designed for keyboard-to-keyboard interactive messaging under extreme weak-signal conditions.JT65 / JT9: Long-interval transmission modes designed for Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) and deep DX tropospheric/ionospheric paths.MSK144 / FSK441: Fast-packet modes designed specifically for meteor scatter communication.WSPR (Weak Signal Propagation Reporter): A ultra-slow 4-FSK protocol meant strictly for mapping global propagation paths via automated telemetry beacons.PSK31 / PSK63 / QPSK: Narrowband phase-shift keying modes for real-time keyboard chat.RTTY (Radioteletype): Traditional 45.45-baud Baudot FSK teleprinting.Olivia / MFSK: Robust multi-tone frequency-shift keying modes designed to slice through heavy noise, multipath fading, and interference.MT63: A robust multi-tone text mode capable of transmitting block text rapidly over HF channels.Hellschreiber (Feld-Hell): A facsimile-based visual teleprinter mode where pixels are drawn line-by-line via audio tones.AX.25 / Packet Radio: The foundational packet protocol used for APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) and bulletin networks.PACTOR (1–4) / WINMOR / ARDOP: Advanced proprietary and open ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) soundcard data protocols used for Winlink email-over-radio systems.Military & Government Tactical Digital ModesMIL-STD-188-110A/B/C: The core US Department of Defense standard for HF serial-tone (PSK/QAM) and parallel-tone data modems, supporting speeds up to 4800 bps.MIL-STD-188-141A/B/C (ALE - Automatic Link Establishment): Protocols allowing HF radio networks to automatically scan, sound, and link between stations based on channel quality.STANAG 4285 / 4539: NATO standards for single-tone HF modems and data transmissions under tactical conditions.STANAG 5066: A profile for data packet communications on HF radio channels, providing error control and subnet management.STANAG 4415: NATO "Robust 75 bps" waveform designed for severely degraded and jammed HF channels. Link 11 (TADIL A): A legacy military tactical data link using parallel audio-frequency tones (AFSK) over HF/UHF to exchange surveillance and targeting data.Link 16 (JTIDS): A high-capacity, jam-resistant military tactical data exchange network operating in the UHF band using Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) with frequency hopping.Link 22: The modern secure tactical data link designed to replace Link 11 across NATO forces, offering improved HF and UHF capabilities.HAVE QUICK I/II: US military UHF frequency-hopping anti-jam voice and data architecture.SINCGARS (Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System): VHF-FM tactical radio system utilizing frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and digital data sub-carriers.SATURN: Second-generation anti-jam UHF radio frequency-hopping standard used by NATO.
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